{
  "name": "loopholekiln-rates",
  "version": "2026-06b",
  "publisher": "LoopholeKiln",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "temporal_coverage": "2024/2025 to 2026/27",
  "cite_as": "LoopholeKiln (2026). Small-business vs multinational effective tax rates: open dataset (v 2026-06b). https://loopholekiln.org/data. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.",
  "rows": [
    {
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "country_code": "uk",
      "profile": "Self-employed electrician",
      "profit": "£75,000",
      "year": "2025/26",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "26.9%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "23.2%",
      "benchmark_label": "a global online retailer",
      "benchmark_rate": "13.5%",
      "benchmark_scope": "worldwide blended rate from its 2024 10-K ($9,265m / $68,614m); not a UK rate.",
      "benchmark_kind": "global-mnc",
      "multiple": "2.0×",
      "is_secondary": "false",
      "is_exception": "false",
      "exception_note": "",
      "primary_source": "Amazon FY2024 Form 10-K, SEC EDGAR",
      "primary_source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/",
      "evidence_kind": "audited-filing",
      "page_url": "/compare/uk"
    },
    {
      "country": "United States",
      "country_code": "us",
      "profile": "Sole-proprietor plumber",
      "profit": "$60,000",
      "year": "2024",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "25.4%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "7.8%",
      "benchmark_label": "four of the largest US tech firms",
      "benchmark_rate": "4.9%",
      "benchmark_scope": "US federal corporate tax only, on $315bn of US profit in 2025; excludes state and payroll.",
      "benchmark_kind": "federal-mnc",
      "multiple": "5.2×",
      "is_secondary": "false",
      "is_exception": "false",
      "exception_note": "",
      "primary_source": "ITEP 2025 analysis of 10-K filings",
      "primary_source_url": "https://itep.org/",
      "evidence_kind": "campaign-analysis",
      "page_url": "/compare/us"
    },
    {
      "country": "Australia",
      "country_code": "australia",
      "profile": "Sole-trader electrician",
      "profit": "A$90,000",
      "year": "2025/26",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "21.8%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "19.8%",
      "benchmark_label": "the six biggest global tech firms",
      "benchmark_rate": "18.8%",
      "benchmark_scope": "global blended average over the decade to 2024 on $2.5tn profit; figures from the firms' own accounts.",
      "benchmark_kind": "global-mnc",
      "multiple": "1.2×",
      "is_secondary": "false",
      "is_exception": "false",
      "exception_note": "",
      "primary_source": "Fair Tax Foundation, Silicon Six (2025)",
      "primary_source_url": "https://fairtaxmark.net/",
      "evidence_kind": "campaign-analysis",
      "page_url": "/compare/australia"
    },
    {
      "country": "Canada",
      "country_code": "canada",
      "profile": "Self-employed electrician (Ontario)",
      "profit": "C$100,000",
      "year": "2024",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "28.3%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "n/a (integrated rate)",
      "benchmark_label": "the six biggest global tech firms",
      "benchmark_rate": "18.8%",
      "benchmark_scope": "global blended average over the decade to 2024 on $2.5tn profit; figures from the firms' own accounts. Not a Canadian rate.",
      "benchmark_kind": "global-mnc",
      "multiple": "1.5×",
      "is_secondary": "false",
      "is_exception": "false",
      "exception_note": "",
      "primary_source": "Fair Tax Foundation, Silicon Six (2025)",
      "primary_source_url": "https://fairtaxmark.net/",
      "evidence_kind": "campaign-analysis",
      "page_url": "/compare/canada"
    },
    {
      "country": "Canada",
      "country_code": "canada",
      "profile": "Self-employed electrician (Ontario)",
      "profit": "C$100,000",
      "year": "2024",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "28.3%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "n/a (integrated rate)",
      "benchmark_label": "the same C$100,000 of profit earned inside a Canadian-controlled private corporation (CCPC)",
      "benchmark_rate": "12.2%",
      "benchmark_scope": "9% federal + 3.2% Ontario on the first C$500,000; same country, same profit. This is the rate on profit kept in the company; personal tax follows when the owner draws it out.",
      "benchmark_kind": "domestic-incorporated",
      "multiple": "2.3×",
      "is_secondary": "true",
      "is_exception": "false",
      "exception_note": "Cleaner same-country structural comparison: the sole trader pays 2.3× the CCPC rate on the same profit.",
      "primary_source": "PwC Tax Summaries (CCPC 12.2%); CRA",
      "primary_source_url": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/canada",
      "evidence_kind": "official-statutory",
      "page_url": "/compare/canada"
    },
    {
      "country": "South Africa",
      "country_code": "sa",
      "profile": "Self-employed professional",
      "profit": "R600,000",
      "year": "2026/27",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "22.2%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "n/a (integrated rate)",
      "benchmark_label": "the six biggest global tech firms",
      "benchmark_rate": "18.8%",
      "benchmark_scope": "global blended average over the decade to 2024 on $2.5tn profit; figures from the firms' own accounts. Not a South African rate.",
      "benchmark_kind": "global-mnc",
      "multiple": "1.2×",
      "is_secondary": "false",
      "is_exception": "false",
      "exception_note": "",
      "primary_source": "Fair Tax Foundation, Silicon Six (2025)",
      "primary_source_url": "https://fairtaxmark.net/",
      "evidence_kind": "campaign-analysis",
      "page_url": "/compare/sa"
    },
    {
      "country": "South Africa",
      "country_code": "sa",
      "profile": "Self-employed professional",
      "profit": "R600,000",
      "year": "2026/27",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "22.2%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "n/a (integrated rate)",
      "benchmark_label": "the same profit earned inside a small business corporation (SBC) at the SBC schedule",
      "benchmark_rate": "11.8%",
      "benchmark_scope": "Effective rate on R600,000 under the South African small business corporation schedule (7%, 21%, 27% tiers above the R95,750 threshold). Same country, same profit.",
      "benchmark_kind": "domestic-incorporated",
      "multiple": "1.9×",
      "is_secondary": "true",
      "is_exception": "false",
      "exception_note": "Cleaner same-country structural comparison: the sole trader pays about 1.9× the SBC effective rate on the same R600,000 of profit.",
      "primary_source": "SARS · Small Business Corporation tax tables",
      "primary_source_url": "https://www.sars.gov.za/",
      "evidence_kind": "official-statutory",
      "page_url": "/compare/sa"
    },
    {
      "country": "India",
      "country_code": "india",
      "profile": "Self-employed professional at ₹12 lakh",
      "profit": "₹12 lakh",
      "year": "FY2025 to FY2026",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "0.0%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "n/a",
      "benchmark_label": "a large domestic company",
      "benchmark_rate": "25.17%",
      "benchmark_scope": "Headline domestic corporate rate (22% + surcharge + cess) on profits above the small-company threshold.",
      "benchmark_kind": "n/a",
      "multiple": "see note",
      "is_secondary": "false",
      "is_exception": "true",
      "exception_note": "India is the one country where the gap reverses. A small business there usually pays a LOWER effective rate than a large company. That is the opposite of the other four. The gap only appears near ₹1 crore of profit.",
      "primary_source": "PwC Tax Summaries (India); Income-Tax Act / Finance Act FY2025-26",
      "primary_source_url": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/india",
      "evidence_kind": "official-statutory",
      "page_url": "/compare/india"
    },
    {
      "country": "India",
      "country_code": "india",
      "profile": "Self-employed professional at ₹24 lakh",
      "profit": "₹24 lakh",
      "year": "FY2025 to FY2026",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "13.0%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "n/a",
      "benchmark_label": "a large domestic company",
      "benchmark_rate": "25.17%",
      "benchmark_scope": "Headline domestic corporate rate (22% + surcharge + cess) on profits above the small-company threshold.",
      "benchmark_kind": "n/a",
      "multiple": "see note",
      "is_secondary": "false",
      "is_exception": "true",
      "exception_note": "India is the one country where the gap reverses. A small business there usually pays a LOWER effective rate than a large company. That is the opposite of the other four. The gap only appears near ₹1 crore of profit.",
      "primary_source": "PwC Tax Summaries (India); Income-Tax Act / Finance Act FY2025-26",
      "primary_source_url": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/india",
      "evidence_kind": "official-statutory",
      "page_url": "/compare/india"
    },
    {
      "country": "India",
      "country_code": "india",
      "profile": "Self-employed professional at ₹1 crore",
      "profit": "₹1 crore",
      "year": "FY2025 to FY2026",
      "small_firm_all_in_rate": "29.5%",
      "small_firm_income_tax_only_rate": "n/a",
      "benchmark_label": "a large domestic company",
      "benchmark_rate": "25.17%",
      "benchmark_scope": "Headline domestic corporate rate (22% + surcharge + cess) on profits above the small-company threshold.",
      "benchmark_kind": "n/a",
      "multiple": "see note",
      "is_secondary": "false",
      "is_exception": "true",
      "exception_note": "India is the one country where the gap reverses. A small business there usually pays a LOWER effective rate than a large company. That is the opposite of the other four. The gap only appears near ₹1 crore of profit.",
      "primary_source": "PwC Tax Summaries (India); Income-Tax Act / Finance Act FY2025-26",
      "primary_source_url": "https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/india",
      "evidence_kind": "official-statutory",
      "page_url": "/compare/india"
    }
  ]
}